{
  "meta": {
    "service": "宋词.中国诗词数据服务",
    "endpoint": "苏轼完整档案（生平/行迹/代表作）",
    "publisher": "宋词.中国",
    "homepage": "https://宋词.中国/",
    "api_index": "https://宋词.中国/api/index.json",
    "license": "CC BY 4.0（引用请注明来源：宋词.中国）",
    "language": "zh-CN",
    "generated": "2026-09-29",
    "page": "https://宋词.中国/sushi.html"
  },
  "poet": {
    "info": {
      "name": "苏轼",
      "nameEn": "Su Shi",
      "dynasty": "宋",
      "description": "苏轼（1037-1101），字子瞻，号东坡居士，眉州眉山（今四川眉山）人，北宋文学家、书画家。嘉祐二年进士，历官杭州、密州、徐州、湖州，乌台诗案贬黄州，后起用又贬惠州、儋州。其词开豪放一派，散文列唐宋八大家，书画亦有高名。",
      "descriptionEn": "Su Shi (1037-1101), courtesy name Zizhan, sobriquet Dongpo Jushi, was a Northern Song literary giant who founded the Heroic Lyric school and ranked among the Eight Great Prose Masters of Tang and Song.",
      "period": "北宋",
      "periodEn": "Northern Song",
      "school": "豪放词派",
      "schoolEn": "Heroic Lyric School",
      "birthYear": "1037",
      "deathYear": "1101",
      "stageNames": [
        {
          "stage": 1,
          "name": "眉山成长",
          "color": "#C41E3A"
        },
        {
          "stage": 2,
          "name": "入仕京洛",
          "color": "#2F4F4F"
        },
        {
          "stage": 3,
          "name": "外放杭密",
          "color": "#DAA520"
        },
        {
          "stage": 4,
          "name": "黄州贬谪",
          "color": "#6B8E23"
        },
        {
          "stage": 5,
          "name": "惠州儋州",
          "color": "#8B4513"
        }
      ]
    },
    "journey": [
      {
        "name": "眉山",
        "nameEn": "Meishan (present-day Meishan, Sichuan)",
        "year": "1037",
        "stage": 1,
        "coord": [
          30.06,
          103.83
        ],
        "event": "宋仁宗景祐三年（1037年），苏轼出生于眉州眉山（今四川眉山）纱縠行苏宅。其父苏洵以文章名世，母程氏出身名门，苏轼自幼受父母教诲，博览群书，与弟苏辙同窗共读，兄弟以文章切磋，少时即有经世济民之志。",
        "eventEn": "In 1037, Su Shi was born in Meishan, Sichuan, into a literary family; his father Su Xun and mother Lady Cheng nurtured his early brilliance.",
        "poem": "人生到处知何似，应似飞鸿踏雪泥。泥上偶然留指爪，鸿飞那复计东西。",
        "poemEn": "What is life like wherever we go? Like a flying swan treading on snow-mud It leaves by chance a claw print in the mud; when the swan flies on, who knows east or west",
        "image": "images/meishan.jpeg",
        "fallbackImage": "svg-placeholder",
        "culture": {
          "title": "和子由渑池怀旧",
          "titleEn": "Reminiscing with Ziyou at Mianchi",
          "lines": [
            "人生到处知何似，应似飞鸿踏雪泥",
            "泥上偶然留指爪，鸿飞那复计东西"
          ],
          "linesEn": [
            "What is life like wherever we go? Like a flying swan treading on snow-mud",
            "It leaves by chance a claw print in the mud; when the swan flies on, who knows east or west"
          ],
          "anecdote": "眉山三苏祠是苏洵、苏轼、苏辙父子故居，后世称为\"三苏\"之家。苏轼少年时代在眉山度过，父亲苏洵二十七岁始发愤读书，后以《权书》《衡论》等策论震动文坛。母亲程氏系大理丞程文应之女，深明大义，曾教苏轼读《后汉书·范滂传》，问轼\"汝若为滂，吾当为滂母\"，从小培植了苏轼刚直敢言的性格。眉山风水灵秀，有\"孕奇蓄秀\"之誉，三苏同登嘉祐二年进士，眉山从此被视为蜀中人文渊薮，\"一门父子三词客\"的佳话传颂千年。",
          "anecdoteEn": "The Su family home in Meishan became a shrine; Lady Cheng's question—\"If you become Fan Pang, I shall be his mother\"—forged his fearless integrity."
        }
      },
      {
        "name": "开封",
        "nameEn": "Kaifeng (present-day Kaifeng, Henan)",
        "year": "1057",
        "stage": 2,
        "coord": [
          34.75,
          114.35
        ],
        "event": "宋仁宗嘉祐二年（1057年），苏轼与弟苏辙同赴开封参加礼部进士考试，主考官欧阳修阅其《刑赏忠厚之至论》，惊叹\"此人可谓善读书，善用书\"，误以为曾巩所作而置第二，后知乃苏轼，赞曰\"老夫当避路，放他出一头地\"。",
        "eventEn": "In 1057, Su Shi passed the jinshi exam in Kaifeng; examiner Ouyang Xiu exclaimed he must make way for this young genius.",
        "poem": "当尧之时，皋陶为士。将杀人，皋陶曰杀之三，尧曰宥之三。故天下畏皋陶执法之坚，而乐尧用刑之宽。",
        "poemEn": "In Yao's time, Gao Yao was the judge. About to execute a man, Gao Yao said 'execute him' three times; Yao said 'spare him' three times. Thus the world stood in awe of Gao Yao's firmness in law and delighted in Yao's leniency in punishment.",
        "image": "images/kaifeng.jpg",
        "culture": {
          "title": "刑赏忠厚之至论",
          "titleEn": "On Loyalty and Generosity in Punishment and Reward",
          "lines": [
            "当尧之时，皋陶为士",
            "将杀人，皋陶曰杀之三，尧曰宥之三",
            "故天下畏皋陶执法之坚，而乐尧用刑之宽"
          ],
          "linesEn": [
            "In Yao's time, Gao Yao was the judge",
            "About to execute a man, Gao Yao said 'execute him' three times; Yao said 'spare him' three times",
            "Thus the world stood in awe of Gao Yao's firmness in law and delighted in Yao's leniency in punishment"
          ],
          "anecdote": "嘉祐二年进士科被誉为\"千年第一榜\"，主考欧阳修、同考梅尧臣，苏轼、苏辙、曾巩、程颢、张载皆出此榜。欧阳修初读苏轼文，以为是门生曾巩所作，为避嫌屈居第二，及拆封方知是蜀中少年，慨然曰\"老夫当避路，放他出一头地\"。据说苏轼文中\"皋陶曰杀之三，尧曰宥之三\"的典故不见经传，欧阳修问出处，苏轼答\"何须出处\"，以意为之，欧公叹服其才。仁宗皇帝读二苏制策后喜曰\"朕今日为子孙得两宰相\"，苏轼从此名动京师。",
          "anecdoteEn": "The 1057 jinshi exam was \"the greatest cohort in a millennium\"; Ouyang Xiu's exclamation—\"I must make way for him\"—became proverbial."
        },
        "fallbackImage": "svg-placeholder"
      },
      {
        "name": "凤翔",
        "nameEn": "Fengxiang (present-day Fengxiang, Shaanxi)",
        "year": "1061",
        "stage": 2,
        "coord": [
          34.52,
          107.39
        ],
        "event": "宋仁宗嘉祐六年（1061年），苏轼通过制科考试后授大理评事、签书凤翔府节度判官厅公事，赴陕西凤翔任签判。这是他首次出任地方官，在凤翔疏浚东湖、减决囚禁，初展吏治才能，与弟苏辙渑池作别时写下名篇《和子由渑池怀旧》。",
        "eventEn": "In 1061, Su Shi took up his first official post as assistant prefect at Fengxiang, Shaanxi, where he dredged East Lake and first showed his administrative gifts.",
        "poem": "人生到处知何似，应似飞鸿踏雪泥。泥上偶然留指爪，鸿飞那复计东西。",
        "poemEn": "What is life like wherever we go? Like a flying swan treading on snow-mud It leaves by chance a claw print in the mud; when the swan flies on, who knows east or west",
        "image": "images/fengxiang.jpeg",
        "culture": {
          "title": "和子由渑池怀旧",
          "titleEn": "Reminiscing with Ziyou at Mianchi",
          "lines": [
            "人生到处知何似，应似飞鸿踏雪泥",
            "泥上偶然留指爪，鸿飞那复计东西"
          ],
          "linesEn": [
            "What is life like wherever we go? Like a flying swan treading on snow-mud",
            "It leaves by chance a claw print in the mud; when the swan flies on, who knows east or west"
          ],
          "anecdote": "苏轼在凤翔任上修建了东湖，疏浚引水，种植莲荷，至今凤翔东湖仍是当地名胜。他与弟弟苏辙在渑池县老僧奉闲舍中曾题壁留言，五年后苏辙送兄赴凤翔，怀旧赋诗，苏轼和之。\"雪泥鸿爪\"的比喻从此成为千古名喻，形容人生行迹偶然留存、转瞬即逝的哲理。苏辙在郑州西门外的送别诗有\"相看恍如梦\"之句，兄弟深情可见一斑。凤翔三年是苏轼初入仕途的重要历练，他在此写了《凤翔八观》等诗，开始了诗文创作的新阶段。",
          "anecdoteEn": "\"Snow-mud and swan prints\"—his Mianchi metaphor for life's fleeting traces became a Chinese proverb still used today."
        },
        "fallbackImage": "svg-placeholder"
      },
      {
        "name": "杭州",
        "nameEn": "Hangzhou (present-day Hangzhou, Zhejiang)",
        "year": "1071",
        "stage": 3,
        "coord": [
          30.25,
          120.17
        ],
        "event": "宋神宗熙宁四年（1071年），苏轼因与王安石新法政见不合，请求外任，通判杭州。在杭州三年，他赈灾救荒、疏浚六井，遍游湖山，写下大量吟咏西湖的诗篇，其中《饮湖上初晴后雨》将西湖比作西子，成为千古绝唱。",
        "eventEn": "In 1071, opposed to Wang Anshi's reforms, Su Shi was sent to Hangzhou as vice-prefect; his comparison of West Lake to Xi Shi made the lake immortal.",
        "poem": "水光潋滟晴方好，山色空蒙雨亦奇。欲把西湖比西子，淡妆浓抹总相宜。",
        "poemEn": "The water's shimmer in sunlight is just right; the hills' mist in rain is also wondrous If I compare West Lake to Xi Shi, light makeup or heavy, she is always beautiful",
        "image": "images/hangzhou.jpg",
        "culture": {
          "title": "饮湖上初晴后雨",
          "titleEn": "Drinking on the Lake after Rain on a Sunny Beginning",
          "lines": [
            "水光潋滟晴方好，山色空蒙雨亦奇",
            "欲把西湖比西子，淡妆浓抹总相宜"
          ],
          "linesEn": [
            "The water's shimmer in sunlight is just right; the hills' mist in rain is also wondrous",
            "If I compare West Lake to Xi Shi, light makeup or heavy, she is always beautiful"
          ],
          "anecdote": "苏轼第一次守杭州仅三年，却为西湖留下了最经典的广告词。\"欲把西湖比西子，淡妆浓抹总相宜\"以美人喻湖山，晴雨皆宜，从此西湖有了\"西子湖\"的别称。他在杭州疏浚六井以解市民饮水之困，赈济饥荒，深得民心。公务之余常与僧道泛舟湖上，与辩才法师论茶于龙井，与琴操论诗于孤山。他第一次杭州任上还写了《六月二十七日望湖楼醉书》等名篇，为后来的\"东坡居士\"形象奠定了底色——一个既勤政爱民又诗酒风流的苏东坡。",
          "anecdoteEn": "\"If I compare West Lake to Xi Shi\"—his poem gave the lake its eternal nickname and became China's most quoted landscape verse."
        },
        "fallbackImage": "svg-placeholder"
      },
      {
        "name": "密州",
        "nameEn": "Mizhou (present-day Zhucheng, Shandong)",
        "year": "1074",
        "stage": 3,
        "coord": [
          35.97,
          119.41
        ],
        "event": "宋神宗熙宁七年（1074年），苏轼自杭州移知密州（今山东诸城）。在密州任上，他抗旱祈雨、收养弃婴，政声颇佳。中秋夜思念弟弟苏辙，豪饮达旦，写下千古名作《水调歌头·明月几时有》，被视为中秋词的绝唱。",
        "eventEn": "In 1074, transferred to Mizhou, Su Shi wrote the immortal Mid-Autumn lyric longing for his brother Ziyou.",
        "poem": "明月几时有，把酒问青天。但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。",
        "poemEn": "When will the bright moon appear? I lift my cup and ask the blue sky May we live long and share the moon's beauty across a thousand miles",
        "image": "images/qingzhou_9f5a3551.jpg",
        "fallbackImage": "svg-placeholder",
        "culture": {
          "title": "水调歌头·明月几时有",
          "titleEn": "Water Melody: When Will the Bright Moon Appear",
          "lines": [
            "明月几时有，把酒问青天",
            "但愿人长久，千里共婵娟"
          ],
          "linesEn": [
            "When will the bright moon appear? I lift my cup and ask the blue sky",
            "May we live long and share the moon's beauty across a thousand miles"
          ],
          "anecdote": "密州是苏轼豪放词真正成熟的起点。他在这里写下《江城子·密州出猎》\"老夫聊发少年狂\"与《水调歌头·明月几时有》，一豪放一飘逸，双峰并峙。中秋夜，苏轼欢饮达旦，大醉，思念七年未见的弟弟苏辙，对月发问\"明月几时有，把酒问青天\"，从月的运行想到人间的离合，\"但愿人长久，千里共婵娟\"超越了一己之悲，成为全人类共通的情感表达。南宋胡仔评曰\"中秋词自东坡《水调歌头》一出，余词尽废\"。密州任上他还收养弃婴数十人，令百姓深受感动。",
          "anecdoteEn": "At Mizhou his Heroic lyric matured; the Mid-Autumn Water Melody was judged so supreme that \"all other mid-autumn lyrics became obsolete.\""
        }
      },
      {
        "name": "黄州",
        "nameEn": "Huangzhou (present-day Huanggang, Hubei)",
        "year": "1080",
        "stage": 4,
        "coord": [
          30.45,
          114.87
        ],
        "event": "宋神宗元丰三年（1080年），苏轼因乌台诗案被贬为黄州团练副使，本州安置，不得签书公事。在黄州五年，他开荒东坡、自号\"东坡居士\"，于赤壁之下写下前后《赤壁赋》与《念奴娇·赤壁怀古》，将人生挫折化为千古文章。",
        "eventEn": "In 1080, banished to Huangzhou after the Crow Terrace poetry trial, Su Shi farmed Eastern Slope and wrote the twin Red Cliff masterpieces.",
        "poem": "大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。人生如梦，一尊还酹江月。",
        "poemEn": "The great river flows east, its waves washing away all the heroes of a thousand ages Life is but a dream—let me pour a cup to the moon on the river",
        "image": "images/huangzhou.jpg",
        "fallbackImage": "svg-placeholder",
        "culture": {
          "title": "念奴娇·赤壁怀古",
          "titleEn": "Recalling Red Cliff to the Tune of Niannu Jiao",
          "lines": [
            "大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物",
            "人生如梦，一尊还酹江月"
          ],
          "linesEn": [
            "The great river flows east, its waves washing away all the heroes of a thousand ages",
            "Life is but a dream—let me pour a cup to the moon on the river"
          ],
          "anecdote": "乌台诗案是北宋最大的文字狱，苏轼被关押一百三十天，几度濒死。贬至黄州后，他失去薪俸，全家人在城东一块荒坡上开垦种植，自号\"东坡居士\"，从此\"苏东坡\"之名传遍天下。在黄州赤壁，他写下前后《赤壁赋》和《念奴娇·赤壁怀古》——\"大江东去\"开豪放词壮阔雄浑之境，\"人生如梦\"以旷达超越悲凉。《前赤壁赋》的\"清风徐来，水波不兴\"与\"客有吹洞箫者\"一段，将哲理、诗情、画意融为一体，被后人评为宋代散文的巅峰。黄州五年是苏轼人生的至暗时刻，也是文学的至亮时刻。",
          "anecdoteEn": "Huangzhou—his darkest years, his brightest writings: Eastern Slope farming, Red Cliff odes, and the birth of the name Dongpo."
        }
      },
      {
        "name": "杭州",
        "nameEn": "Hangzhou (present-day Hangzhou, Zhejiang)",
        "year": "1089",
        "stage": 3,
        "coord": [
          30.25,
          120.17
        ],
        "event": "宋哲宗元祐四年（1089年），苏轼以龙图阁学士出知杭州。这是他第二次守杭，在任上疏浚西湖、筑苏堤、设六井、赈饥荒、救疫病，政绩卓著，杭州百姓感戴其德，\"苏堤春晓\"至今为西湖十景之首。",
        "eventEn": "In 1089, Su Shi returned to govern Hangzhou, dredging West Lake and building Su Causeway—the crowning achievement of his administrative career.",
        "poem": "荷尽已无擎雨盖，菊残犹有傲霜枝。一年好景君须记，最是橙黄橘绿时。",
        "poemEn": "The lotus is gone, no more canopy against the rain; chrysanthemums linger, proud branches still defying frost. You must remember the year's finest scene—the time when oranges yellow and tangerines turn green.",
        "image": "images/lingyin-temple-hangzhou.jpg",
        "culture": {
          "title": "赠刘景文",
          "titleEn": "To Liu Jingwen",
          "lines": [
            "荷尽已无擎雨盖，菊残犹有傲霜枝",
            "一年好景君须记，最是橙黄橘绿时"
          ],
          "linesEn": [
            "The lotus is gone, no more canopy against the rain; chrysanthemums linger, proud branches still defying frost",
            "You must remember the year's finest scene—the time when oranges yellow and tangerines turn green"
          ],
          "anecdote": "第二次知杭州是苏轼仕途上最有作为的时期。西湖淤塞过半，葑草丛生，他上奏朝廷获准疏浚，以湖泥筑成长堤，后人命名为\"苏堤\"。堤上植杨柳、建六桥，\"苏堤春晓\"成为西湖十景之首。他还创设中国最早的公立医院\"安乐坊\"，延医施药，拯救疫病患者无数。苏轼治杭期间，杭州百姓家家挂其画像，饮食必祝，及去任，百姓倾城相送，遮道泣留。苏堤至今是杭州的标志性景观，千年后的游人走在堤上，仍在感念苏东坡的遗爱。",
          "anecdoteEn": "Su Causeway—built from lake-bottom mud—became Hangzhou's signature landmark; his public hospital was China's first."
        },
        "fallbackImage": "svg-placeholder"
      },
      {
        "name": "惠州",
        "nameEn": "Huizhou (present-day Huizhou, Guangdong)",
        "year": "1094",
        "stage": 5,
        "coord": [
          23.08,
          114.41
        ],
        "event": "宋哲宗绍圣元年（1094年），苏轼因新党再度执政，贬谪惠州（今广东惠州）。时年五十七岁的苏轼携侍妾朝云南下，初到岭外，却旷达如故，\"日啖荔枝三百颗，不辞长作岭南人\"，在惠州修桥筑堤、施药济民，留下诸多惠政。",
        "eventEn": "In 1094, exiled to Huizhou in Lingnan, Su Shi ate lychees and declared himself content to be a southerner.",
        "poem": "罗浮山下四时春，卢橘杨梅次第新。日啖荔枝三百颗，不辞长作岭南人。",
        "poemEn": "Below Luofu Mountain it is spring all four seasons; loquats and bayberries ripen one after another Eating three hundred lychees a day, I wouldn't mind being a Lingnan man forever",
        "image": "images/huizhou.jpeg",
        "culture": {
          "title": "食荔枝",
          "titleEn": "Eating Lychees",
          "lines": [
            "罗浮山下四时春，卢橘杨梅次第新",
            "日啖荔枝三百颗，不辞长作岭南人"
          ],
          "linesEn": [
            "Below Luofu Mountain it is spring all four seasons; loquats and bayberries ripen one after another",
            "Eating three hundred lychees a day, I wouldn't mind being a Lingnan man forever"
          ],
          "anecdote": "惠州是苏轼谪居岭南的第一站。初到惠州的苏轼住在嘉祐寺，后迁合江楼，与百姓打成一片。他助修东新桥、西新桥，建议引蒲涧山泉水入城，推广秧马以减农民劳苦。侍妾朝云随他南迁，不幸病逝惠州，苏轼葬她于西湖孤山，六如亭上泣书\"伤心一念偿前债，弹指千秋悟昨非\"。《食荔枝》诗看似轻快，实则是将贬谪之苦化为达观之乐，\"日啖荔枝三百颗\"的豪放形象成为岭南文化的经典符号，惠州的荔枝、西湖、苏堤因此声名远播。",
          "anecdoteEn": "\"Three hundred lychees a day\"—turning exile into appetite made him Lingnan's cultural icon; Chaoyun's grave by West Lake still draws visitors."
        },
        "fallbackImage": "svg-placeholder"
      },
      {
        "name": "儋州",
        "nameEn": "Danzhou (present-day Danzhou, Hainan)",
        "year": "1097",
        "stage": 5,
        "coord": [
          19.75,
          109.34
        ],
        "event": "宋哲宗绍圣四年（1097年），苏轼再贬昌化军（今海南儋州），时年六十。渡海之际，他自觉生还无望，立下遗嘱与弟苏辙诀别。然到儋州后，他劝农耕、倡读书、敷文教，开辟海南文化新纪元，门人姜唐佐成为海南历史上第一位举人。",
        "eventEn": "In 1097, exiled to Hainan Island, the sixty-year-old Su Shi opened a school and produced the island's first jinshi graduate.",
        "poem": "参横斗转欲三更，苦雨终风也解晴。九死南荒吾不恨，兹游奇绝冠平生。",
        "poemEn": "The stars turn; near midnight the relentless rain and wind finally clear I do not regret dying nine times in the southern waste—this journey's wonders top my whole life",
        "image": "images/guilin.jpeg",
        "fallbackImage": "svg-placeholder",
        "culture": {
          "title": "六月二十日夜渡海",
          "titleEn": "Crossing the Sea on the Night of June 20",
          "lines": [
            "参横斗转欲三更，苦雨终风也解晴",
            "九死南荒吾不恨，兹游奇绝冠平生"
          ],
          "linesEn": [
            "The stars turn; near midnight the relentless rain and wind finally clear",
            "I do not regret dying nine times in the southern waste—this journey's wonders top my whole life"
          ],
          "anecdote": "苏轼渡海赴儋，只携幼子苏过相随，初至桄榔林中，\"食无肉，病无药，居无室，出无友\"，极为艰苦。然而他以不屈的乐观精神适应环境，自筑\"桄榔庵\"居住，采药制墨，与黎族百姓交好。他创办\"东坡书院\"，教授当地子弟，姜唐佐后来乡试中举，成为海南历史上第一位举人，海南从此人文渐兴。苏轼北归时写下\"九死南荒吾不恨，兹游奇绝冠平生\"，将最凶险的贬谪视为最奇绝的人生经历，这种旷达精神震撼千古。海南人民至今尊他为海南文化的开创者，儋州东坡书院香火不绝。",
          "anecdoteEn": "From \"no meat, no medicine, no room, no friend\" to founding Hainan's first school—his exile became the island's cultural dawn."
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}